Methodology

This survey was conducted online from May 11 to May 19, 2026 across 14 countries using quantitative web-based interviews administered through professional respondent panels. A total of 13,730 interviews were completed, including nationally representative samples in Ukraine, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Most country samples consisted of approximately 1,010 respondents, while Estonia included a sample of 600 respondents.

Interviews were conducted in local languages, including Ukrainian, Russian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Slovak, Bulgarian, Romanian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, German, French, and English, depending on the country surveyed.

Recruitment was conducted through validated professional online panels to ensure broad population coverage and high-quality respondent participation. Results were weighted where necessary to reflect nationally representative adult populations within each country.

The overall margin of error for the full sample is +/-0.84 percentage points. Country-level margins of error are generally +/-3.1 percentage points, with Estonia at +/-4.0 percentage points.